Physical changes in graphite products due to radiation damage.

Graphite deceleration material close to the furnace core will cause creep deformation due to irradiation damage, and then undergo physical changes such as size change, reduced thermal conductivity, and increased elastic modulus.

The thermal stress of graphite undergoing neutron irradiation in a temperature gradient environment gradually eases with creep deformation. The size variation of the graphite is correlated with the temperature. Size variation produce internal strain (i.e., internal stress). This phenomenon does not disappear immediately even after the nuclear reactor stops (residual stress). After a long time operation, the initial stage of the nuclear reactor may produce large stress.

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